Integral calculus is essential in probability theory and statistics, which are core to many machine learning algorithms. The integral of a probability density function (PDF) over an interval gives the ...
Deep-Learning Discrete Calculus (DLDC) is an emerging field that integrates calculus, numerical methods, machine and deep learning algorithms to identify, model, and solve mathematical science systems ...
The fundamental mathematical tools needed to understand machine learning include linear algebra, analytic geometry, matrix decompositions, vector calculus, optimization, probability and statistics.